{
  "citation": "Cheng, C. and Hoekstra, M. (2013). Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence? Evidence from Expansions to Castle Doctrine. Journal of Human Resources 48(3): 821-854. Cells read from the NBER Working Paper 18134 (June 2012).",
  "deviation_evidence": "Recorded before the software-reference run and before any dry run of this track, from the phase-B research probe (research-papers.md sections 2.4 and 3.9, 2026-10-14): infer.ols with state and year fixed effects as dummies, population weights and errors clustered by state gives the printed coefficients but SEs of 0.0359 and 0.0293 against the printed 0.0342 and 0.0279, a ratio of about sqrt((N-k)/(N-K)) (k: the regressors left after absorbing the state effects, as Stata xtreg, fe counts them; K: the full dummy count): the authors' clustered errors do not count the state effects, which are nested in the clusters, in K (Stata xtreg, fe), while the dummy-variable convention does.",
  "deviation_fields": [
    "se"
  ],
  "doi": "10.3386/w18134",
  "excerpt": "Panel A: Castle Doctrine Law 0.0946 (0.0279)",
  "independent": null,
  "item_set": null,
  "kind": "paper",
  "known_deviation": "se_convention",
  "licence": "NBER working paper, copyright the authors; cited, not reproduced.",
  "locator": "NBER Working Paper 18134, Table 5 (the effect of castle doctrine on homicide), Panel A 'Log Homicide Rate (OLS - Weighted)', column (2), row 'Castle Doctrine Law'",
  "metric": null,
  "n_items": null,
  "page": "38",
  "read_copy_sha256": "1283a9c1e37ea2114e36b6c48ffc7c3fc0f26b2334f08c1a60ffbe82f3005682",
  "retrieved_at": "2026-10-15",
  "se": 0.0279,
  "se_as_published": "0.0279",
  "source_id": "cheng_hoekstra_2013.tab5_pa_c2.paper",
  "tolerance_reason": null,
  "units": "log points of the homicide rate per unit of the castle doctrine law variable",
  "url": "https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w18134/w18134.pdf",
  "value": 0.0946,
  "value_as_published": "0.0946",
  "verified_by": "primary_source",
  "verified_note": "Read on 2026-10-15 from the NBER Working Paper 18134 PDF (43 pages, created 2012-06-28) with pdftotext -layout and from the page image rendered at 80 dpi: Table 5 'The Effect of Castle Doctrine on Homicide' is on PDF page 40 (printed page 38). The published JHR version (48(3), 2013) could not be read without a subscription, so the cells are the authors' circulated working-paper version. The notes say 'Robust standard errors are clustered at the state level'; the unit is the state-year; 550 observations in every column. Panel A is weighted (by state population, 'OLS - Weighted'), Panel B unweighted. Column (1) has state and year fixed effects; column (2) adds region-by-year fixed effects. "
}