{"kind":"user","text":"We standardize vote shares across elections by computing their z-scores so that we can measure Obama\u2019s electoral performance in each state relative to his average performance of that year. That is, we subtract the mean from Obama\u2019s vote share in each election and then divide it by the standard deviation.\nWhat is the proportion of states where Obama received a greater share of standardized votes in 2012 than he did in 2008, in the top quartile of Obama\u2019s 2008 (standardized) vote share? Please round to the nearest thousandth."}