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The released panel covers 1969\u20132011. Census-derived measures are interpolated between decennial observations. |\n| pctnhwht_cityi | Share of the city\u2019s population that is non-Hispanic White (0\u20131). Built from U.S. Census counts with intercensal interpolation to provide annualized series. |\n| pctrenter_cityi | Share of households in the city that are renters (0\u20131). Compiled from Census housing tenure tabulations with interpolation between decennial enumerations. |\n| pctwlth_city2i | Share of city residents classified as \u201cwealthy\u201d (0\u20131). In the replication data, this flags residents in the top end of the income distribution (e.g., at or above the 90th percentile), based on harmonized Census measures. |\n| fairhousingimp_v1 | Indicator equal to 1 beginning in the year of the first recorded court decision in a Fair Housing Act lawsuit involving the municipality, and 0 before that decision or if no such decision is recorded. Once 1, it remains 1. It does not separately establish that injunctive relief was awarded, implemented, or still operative. |\n| logpop | Natural logarithm (base e) of total city population. Population counts derive from the Census with values interpolated between decennial years. |\n| homevali | Average value of owner-occupied housing units in the city, expressed in constant dollars as provided in the replication files. Constructed from Census housing value data with inflation adjustment for comparability over time. |\n| pct_vacanti | Share of housing units that are vacant (0\u20131). Derived from Census housing stock and vacancy tabulations, interpolated between decennial measurements. |\n| minyear | City-specific year field retained from the source data. Its construction is not documented in the available materials. It is constant within each city and must not be interpreted as the first observed year of this released panel. |\n\nDataset Context:\nThis dataset is a city\u2013year panel for incorporated places in U.S. metropolitan areas from the late 1960s through 2011. It integrates demographic and housing indicators from the U.S. Census of Population and Housing, with values smoothed to annual frequency via interpolation between decennial enumerations. The panel uses stable Census geographic identifiers to consistently track places over time.\n\nHousing-related measures include tenure (owner vs. renter shares), vacancy rates, and inflation-adjusted home values, providing a view of local housing market conditions across multiple decades of suburbanization, population growth, and changing development patterns. Demographic composition is recorded in a manner consistent with Census definitions for race and ethnicity used during the period.\n\nThe legal-event records identify court decisions in Fair Housing Act cases involving municipal governments. Cases were collected from a legal database using housing-law and injunctive-relief search terms, then screened for municipal involvement. The recorded date of a city's first decision determines when fairhousingimp_v1 changes from 0 to 1. Case outcomes were established for only a subset, so the indicator does not identify the date when a remedy was implemented. These records are linked to demographic and housing measures from the U.S. Census of Population and Housing for incorporated cities in metropolitan areas.\n\nTogether, these sources produce a large, harmonized panel suitable for studying long-run patterns in city demographics and housing markets within the broader policy environment shaped by mid-century federal housing reforms, evolving local land-use processes, and metropolitan growth. The combination of standardized Census measures, consistent geographic linkages, and legally sourced policy indicators facilitates comparisons across places and years.\n","file_sha256":"9cf2b539f2ae691db6984fdc60436eb5ca81449a8dbfcc8103d00549db014b66","format":"csv","frame_sha256":null,"generator":null,"kind":"file","licence":"redistributed by CausalReasoningBenchmark (MIT) under the original replication data's terms","member":null,"object":null,"params":{},"path":null,"read_kw":{},"records":null,"role":"agent","sha256":"9cf2b539f2ae691db6984fdc60436eb5ca81449a8dbfcc8103d00549db014b66","transforms":[],"url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/syrgkanislab/CausalReasoningBenchmark/resolve/edd0fe1c1d1c5c0a4f0e3e67a50481ac679fb888/data/ds_0031/data/data.csv"},"ref_adopt":{"columns":null,"description":"Each city's first year with fairhousingimp_v1 == 1 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The paper explicitly states that an FHA violation leads to court-ordered policy change: \u201cOnce a violation is established, the Act entitles plaintiffs to injunctive relief\u2014meaning that the city is ordered by the court to change its land use policy.\u201d (p. 450). The theory sections detail that land-use regulation affects housing markets and demographics: \u201cGenerally, empirical work shows that more stringent land use regimes are associated with higher housing prices\u201d (p. 446) and that regulation \u201ccan prevent congestion by limiting the number of people who access the community\u2019s public goods\u201d (pp. 445\u2013446), implying effects on population levels and tenure. Therefore: (i) homevali (average home value) lies on the causal pathway from policy change to market prices; (ii) pct_vacanti (vacancy) and logpop (population) are downstream of development and access restrictions; (iii) pctrenter_cityi (tenure mix) can shift as multifamily supply and permitting change under injunction; (iv) pctwlth_city2i (share wealthy) can adjust as prices and access change. Per the guidance: \u201cPost-treatment variables\u2026 almost always a bad idea\u201d (Applied Causal Inference, \u00a711.3\u201311.4) and \u201ccontrolling for a mediator produces over-control bias\u201d (Figure 11.9a), while conditioning on post-treatment outcomes can also induce collider/selection bias (Figure 11.12). Thus these should not be included when estimating the total effect of fairhousingimp_v1 on pctnhwht_cityi.","strategy":"Difference-in-Differences","time_variable":"year","treatments":["fairhousingimp_v1"]},"identification_strategy":"Difference-in-Differences"},"headline_keys":{"infer.ols":["coef.treated"]},"naive":{"dataset":"ds_0031","treatment":"fairhousingimp_v1","y":"pctnhwht_cityi"},"native_id":"60","reference":{"cite":1,"note":"Reference path transcribed from the item's own estimation script.","steps":[{"args":{"dataset":"ref_panel","se":"HC2","x":["treated"],"y":"d"},"tool":"infer.ols","why":"mean(d_t) - mean(d_c) with SE sqrt(s2_t/n_t + s2_c/n_c): OLS of d on the cohort dummy, HC2"}]},"reference_path":{"calls":[{"args":{"dataset":"ref_panel","se":"HC2","x":["treated"],"y":"d"},"tool":"infer.ols"}],"needs":[],"provenance":"benchmark_script","quotes":{},"reference_datasets":["ref_adopt","ref_panel","ref_post"],"source_id":"crb_papers.q060.script"}},"question":"Did cities whose first Fair Housing Act lawsuit decision occurred in 2007 experience a greater decline in the share of non-Hispanic White residents from 2006 to 2008 than cities without such a decision by 2008?","requires":[],"runner":null,"sources":["crb_papers.q060.gold","crb_papers.q060.script"],"split":"public","suite":"crb_papers","tags":["econ-bench","external","crb","did","ref_benchmark_script"],"target":"agent","tool":null,"truth":"CausalReasoningBenchmark gold at the pinned revision: causal_queries.json effect and standard_error (the value the item's estimation.py prints), scored as evaluate_result.py scores estimate_within_solution_ci"}