{"attempt":1,"datasets":{"ds_0020":{"description_shown":"| Variable Name | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| treat | Binary indicator equal to 1 if the municipality had established a municipal civil service commission (merit-based personnel system) by the given census year; 0 if not yet established. Values are weakly increasing over time within a city. Sourced primarily from U.S. Civil Service Assembly municipal surveys (1937, 1940, 1943) and corroborated by state statutes; may be missing (blank/NA) where adoption year could not be determined. |\n| pop_prop | Proportion (0\u20131) of the city\u2019s residents who are foreign-born whites in that census year. Constructed from full-count decennial U.S. Census microdata using birthplace (foreign-born) and enumerated race (white). Available for decennial years 1850\u20131940 except 1890 (destroyed census). |\n| govt_prop | Proportion (0\u20131) of blue-collar municipal government employees who are foreign-born whites in that census year. Computed from full-count decennial U.S. Census microdata by identifying residents employed in local public administration and classifying blue-collar occupations (e.g., craftsmen, mechanics, service workers, laborers); police and fire personnel are excluded due to distinct recruitment regimes. Counts reflect resident workers and assume city employment generally coincides with residence in this era. |\n| city | Municipality name and two-letter state abbreviation in the standardized format \u201ccity, st\u201d (e.g., \u201caberdeen, sd\u201d). Standardization facilitates consistent tracking across sources and decades; cities with the same name are distinguished by state. |\n| YEAR | Decennial census year for which measures are calculated (integers from 1850 to 1940; 1890 absent due to the lost census). |\n\nDataset Context:\nThis dataset follows U.S. municipalities at ten-year intervals from the mid-19th to early-20th centuries, a period spanning patronage-based municipal staffing through the widespread diffusion of merit-oriented civil service systems. Municipal adoption of civil service rules was recorded by the U.S. Civil Service Assembly in nationwide surveys conducted in 1937, 1940, and 1943 and supplemented by state-level statutes that, in many cases, mandated adoption using population thresholds. The \u201ctreat\u201d indicator reflects whether a city had a functioning municipal civil service commission by a given census year; because commissions, once established, typically persisted, the indicator does not toggle back to zero for later years.\n\nDemographic and employment composition measures are derived from the full-count decennial U.S. Censuses (1850\u20131940, with 1890 unavailable). The census enumerated every resident and captured birthplace, race, industry, and occupation, allowing identification of local public administration workers and classification of blue-collar positions. Blue-collar categories include craftsmen, mechanics, service workers, and laborers; police and fire employees are excluded because their hiring, promotion, and protection rules often followed distinct legal frameworks. Because the census does not name employers, municipal employment is inferred from the industry code \u201clocal public administration,\u201d and, consistent with transportation realities of the era, employees are assumed to work in the municipality where they reside.\n\nThe civil service systems cataloged here typically introduced commission oversight of hiring, promotion, and termination in \u201cclassified\u201d services, commonly relying on publicly advertised examinations and shortlists (e.g., a \u201crule of three\u201d). \u201cUnclassified\u201d roles (e.g., department heads, certain temporary staff) fell outside commission rules, and the scope of coverage varied across cities and over time. City names are standardized to \u201ccity, st\u201d to harmonize historical references across sources and decades. Shares are expressed as proportions between 0 and 1 and are calculated at the city\u2013year level to align with the decennial timing of the underlying census enumerations.","file_sha256":"fb21d9bfd9e8815223675810e217e1db86e4bbf0d90e6a351772c71a5d17b441","frame_sha256":null,"role":"agent","transforms":[]},"ref_fty":{"description_shown":"","file_sha256":"fb21d9bfd9e8815223675810e217e1db86e4bbf0d90e6a351772c71a5d17b441","frame_sha256":null,"role":"reference","transforms":[{"args":{"columns":["city","YEAR","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"select"},{"args":{"map":{"YEAR":"year"}},"op":"rename"},{"args":{"columns":["city","year","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"dropna"},{"args":{"query":"treat == 1"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"aggs":[{"column":"year","fn":"min","name":"fty"}],"by":["city"]},"op":"collapse"}]},"ref_panel":{"description_shown":"","file_sha256":"fb21d9bfd9e8815223675810e217e1db86e4bbf0d90e6a351772c71a5d17b441","frame_sha256":null,"role":"reference","transforms":[{"args":{"columns":["city","YEAR","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"select"},{"args":{"map":{"YEAR":"year"}},"op":"rename"},{"args":{"columns":["city","year","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"dropna"},{"args":{"query":"year in [1930, 1940]"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"how":"left","on":["city"],"with":"ref_years"},"op":"merge"},{"args":{"query":"nyears == 2"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"how":"inner","on":["city"],"with":"ref_pre"},"op":"merge"},{"args":{"how":"inner","on":["city"],"with":"ref_post"},"op":"merge"},{"args":{"how":"left","on":["city"],"with":"ref_fty"},"op":"merge"},{"args":{"query":"t_pre == 0 and (t_post == 1 or (t_post == 0 and (fty != fty or fty > 1940)))"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"args":{"cmp":"eq","column":"t_post","value":1},"name":"Treated","op":"indicator"},"op":"derive"},{"args":{"args":{"cmp":"eq","column":"year","value":1940},"name":"Post","op":"indicator"},"op":"derive"},{"args":{"args":{"columns":["Treated","Post"]},"name":"Treated_Post","op":"interaction"},"op":"derive"}]},"ref_post":{"description_shown":"","file_sha256":"fb21d9bfd9e8815223675810e217e1db86e4bbf0d90e6a351772c71a5d17b441","frame_sha256":null,"role":"reference","transforms":[{"args":{"columns":["city","YEAR","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"select"},{"args":{"map":{"YEAR":"year"}},"op":"rename"},{"args":{"columns":["city","year","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"dropna"},{"args":{"query":"year == 1940"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"aggs":[{"column":"treat","fn":"max","name":"t_post"}],"by":["city"]},"op":"collapse"}]},"ref_pre":{"description_shown":"","file_sha256":"fb21d9bfd9e8815223675810e217e1db86e4bbf0d90e6a351772c71a5d17b441","frame_sha256":null,"role":"reference","transforms":[{"args":{"columns":["city","YEAR","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"select"},{"args":{"map":{"YEAR":"year"}},"op":"rename"},{"args":{"columns":["city","year","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"dropna"},{"args":{"query":"year == 1930"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"aggs":[{"column":"treat","fn":"max","name":"t_pre"}],"by":["city"]},"op":"collapse"}]},"ref_years":{"description_shown":"","file_sha256":"fb21d9bfd9e8815223675810e217e1db86e4bbf0d90e6a351772c71a5d17b441","frame_sha256":null,"role":"reference","transforms":[{"args":{"columns":["city","YEAR","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"select"},{"args":{"map":{"YEAR":"year"}},"op":"rename"},{"args":{"columns":["city","year","treat","govt_prop","pop_prop"]},"op":"dropna"},{"args":{"query":"year in [1930, 1940]"},"op":"filter"},{"args":{"aggs":[{"column":"treat","fn":"count","name":"n"}],"by":["city","year"]},"op":"collapse"},{"args":{"aggs":[{"column":"n","fn":"count","name":"nyears"}],"by":["city"]},"op":"collapse"}]}},"epoch":1,"event":"sample_init","question":"Among cities with observed reform status at both censuses, how did adopting a civil service commission after 1930 and by 1940 affect the change from 1930 to 1940 in the share of blue-collar city jobs held by foreign-born white residents, compared with cities that had not adopted by 1940, adjusting for the city's foreign-born white population share?","question_sha256":"3562833ce4ed78c5d77d4e100dd1af597a775a5b994288b9691fa68714264805","run_id":"20261015T170925Z-suite-crb_papers-scripted-2dbcf5","seq":0,"skills":[],"task_id":"crb_papers.q039","task_sha256":"db85a3cc944ae8ac333ef6f1772d92a3323765e82dbe1122ab345d4a1437a8a4","timestamp":"2026-10-15T17:09:28.206813Z"}
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