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compilation). |\n| atsgaorlargefreq | Alternative coding/aggregation of large disturbances (variant of alargefreq). |\n| tweight_atot | Time-weighted version of atot (weights emphasize disturbances closer to the early-1860s; exact weights as implemented in source code). |\n| tweight_afreq | Time-weighted version of afreq. |\n| tweight_atsgaorfreq | Time-weighted version of atsgaorfreq. |\n| tweight_alargefreq | Time-weighted version of alargefreq. |\n| tweight_atsgaorlargefreq | Time-weighted version of atsgaorlargefreq. |\n| recent3_atot | Count of disturbance years in the three most recent years of the series (1861\u20131863). |\n| recent3_afreq | Proportion of years with any disturbance in 1861\u20131863 (recent3_atot / 3). |\n| recent3_atsgaorfreq | Alternate coding/aggregation of recent-3-year disturbance frequency. |\n| recent3_alargefreq | \u201cLarge\u201d disturbances restricted to 1861\u20131863 (count/frequency per source coding). |\n| recent3_atsgaorlargefreq | Alternate coding/aggregation of large-event frequency over 1861\u20131863. |\n| province | Name or identifier of the governorate/province (guberniia) containing the uezd. |\n| uezd | Name or identifier of the district (uezd) unit. |\n| expfromstate1880 | Expenditure/revenue component attributed to the central state, 1880 (units as reported in the budget source). |\n| expfromuezdzem1880 | Expenditure/revenue component attributed to the uezd-level zemstvo, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| expfromso1880 | Expenditure/revenue component attributed to local societies/public organizations (\u201cso\u201d category in the source), 1880 (units as reported). |\n| expfromchurch1880 | Expenditure/revenue component attributed to the church, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| expfromprivateindivid1880 | Expenditure/revenue component attributed to private individuals, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| expfromstudentfees1880 | Expenditure/revenue component attributed to student fees, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| longitude | Decimal longitude of the district centroid or representative point (geospatial reference for GIS merges). |\n| latitude | Decimal latitude of the district centroid or representative point (geospatial reference for GIS merges). |\n| lingpolarf4_1897 | Linguistic polarization index (F4 variant), district level, constructed from the 1897 census. |\n| lingfrac_1897 | Linguistic fractionalization index (diversity), district level, constructed from the 1897 census. |\n| sh_russian_1897 | Share (proportion) of population reporting Russian language, 1897. |\n| sh_largestlingminority_1897 | Share (proportion) of the largest linguistic minority group, 1897. |\n| religpolarf4_1870 | Religious polarization index (F4 variant), district level, constructed from circa-1870 returns. |\n| religfrac_1870 | Religious fractionalization index (diversity), district level, constructed from circa-1870 returns. |\n| sh_orthodox_1870 | Share (proportion) identifying as Eastern Orthodox, circa 1870. |\n| sh_muslim_1870 | Share (proportion) Muslim, circa 1870. |\n| sh_catholic_1870 | Share (proportion) Catholic, circa 1870. |\n| sh_largestreligminority_1870 | Share (proportion) of the largest religious minority group, circa 1870. |\n| provincenumber | Numeric code for the province (administrative identifier). |\n| uezdnumber | Numeric code for the uezd/district (administrative identifier). |\n| russianalphaorder_uezd | Rank/order of the uezd in a Russian-language alphabetical listing (administrative ordering variable). |\n| agshare_1897 | Share (proportion) of population or labor force employed in agriculture, 1897 (as constructed from census tabulations). |\n| mliteracy_1897 | Male literacy rate/share, 1897. |\n| popdens1911 | Population density, 1911 (persons per area unit as reported in source). |\n| popdens1858 | Population density, 1858 (constructed from mid-century population and area measures; source-specific). |\n| percnobleown_1905 | Percent/share of land owned by the nobility, 1905. |\n| percnobleown_1877 | Percent/share of land owned by the nobility, 1877. |\n| totalcommunes_1905 | Total number of rural communes, 1905. |\n| totalphhs_1905 | Total number of peasant households (category as defined in 1905 source). |\n| totalnadel_1905 | Aggregate \u201cnadel\u201d measure, 1905 (land/allotment statistic as reported in source). |\n| totalpodvcommunes_1905 | Number of podv (source-specific communal category) communes, 1905. |\n| totalpodvhhs_1905 | Households in podv communes, 1905. |\n| totalpodvdesiatina_1905 | Total podv land area in desiatinas, 1905. |\n| perclowering1881 | Percent/share subject to a \u201clowering\u201d (reduction) in a specified tax/redemption parameter, 1881 (as coded from administrative records). |\n| obrokshare | Share of peasant obligations fulfilled as obrok (monetary/in-kind quitrent) versus labor duties, pre-emancipation (source-coded). |\n| serfperc1 | Proportion (share) of the district population that were serfs in 1858 (serf counts from a pre-emancipation tax-census source; total population denominator from an administrative population tally). |\n| volpercapexp1881 | Volost-level per-capita expenditure, 1881 (currency per person; units as reported). |\n| sopercapexp1881 | Per-capita expenditure in the \u201cso\u201d category, 1881 (currency per person; units as reported). |\n| peasantrepresentation_1864 | Statutory share of zemstvo district-assembly seats allocated to the peasant (third) curia under the 1864 law (percentage points, 0\u2013100). |\n| perccroplandp_1881 | Percent/share of district land in cropland (arable), circa 1881. |\n| manasteries_pre1764 | Count of monasteries in the district prior to 1764. |\n| monasteries_1764ukaz | Monasteries listed under the 1764 ukaz (imperial decree) listing. |\n| monasteries_1786ukaz | Monasteries listed under the 1786 ukaz listing. |\n| monasteries_1795ukaz | Monasteries listed under the 1795 ukaz listing. |\n| murbanpopulation_1856 | Municipal/urban population in 1856 (count; source-specific municipal definition; distinct from the Bushen 1858 urban/rural totals in `urban`/`rural`). |\n| muezdpopulation_1856 | Total uezd/district population in 1856 (count; source-specific; distinct from the Bushen 1858 totals in `population`). |\n| communes_1893 | Count of rural communes, 1893. |\n| communesettlements_1893 | Number of settlements within communes, 1893. |\n| communehhs_1893 | Number of households in communes, 1893. |\n| communelandlesshhs_1893 | Number of landless households in communes, 1893. |\n| peasantuglasnye3rdcuria_1883 | Number of peasant representatives in the uglasnye third curia, 1883. |\n| totaluglasnye3rdcuria_1883 | Total representatives (all classes) in uglasnye third curia, 1883. |\n| peasantgglasnye3rdcuria_1883 | Number of peasant representatives in gglasnye third curia, 1883. |\n| totalgglasnye3rdcuria_1883 | Total representatives in gglasnye third curia, 1883. |\n| peasantuupravamembers_1883 | Number of peasant members on the u-uprava (district executive), 1883. |\n| totaluupravamembers_1883 | Total members of the u-uprava (district executive), 1883. |\n| eligible1stcuriafulltsenz_1883 | Count of individuals eligible to vote in the first curia under the full property (tsenz) threshold, 1883. |\n| eligible1stcuriapartialtsenz_188 | Count of individuals eligible to vote in the first curia under a partial property (tsenz) threshold, 1883 (variable name truncated in column header). |\n| eligible2ndcuria_1883 | Number of individuals eligible to vote in the second curia (urban/property voters), 1883. |\n| eligible3rdcuria_1883 | Number of individuals eligible to vote in the third (peasant) curia, 1883. |\n| voted1stcuriatotal_1883 | Total votes cast in the first curia election, 1883. |\n| voted1stcuriapartialtsenz_1883 | Votes cast under partial tsenz in the first curia, 1883. |\n| voted2ndcuria_1883 | Votes cast in the second curia, 1883. |\n| voted3rdcuria_1883 | Votes cast in the third curia, 1883. |\n| curia1reps_1864 | Number of district-assembly seats statutorily assigned to the first (rural private property owners) curia under the 1864 law (count). |\n| curia2reps_1864 | Number of district-assembly seats statutorily assigned to the second (urban property owners) curia under the 1864 law (count). |\n| curia3reps_1864 | Number of district-assembly seats statutorily assigned to the third (peasant communes) curia under the 1864 law (count). |\n| totalprovincialreps_1864 | Total number of provincial-level representatives under the 1864 law (count). |\n| zelectorrequiredpropertydes_1864 | Coded description/text field of property required for an elector under 1864 statutes. |\n| electoracreageaverage_1864 | Average acreage associated with an elector under 1864 statutory rules (land area unit as in source). |\n| desper1stcuriarep_pre1864 | Mean desiatinas per first-curia representative prior to 1864 (land unit = desiatina). |\n| desper3rdcuriarep_pre1864 | Mean desiatinas per third-curia representative prior to 1864 (land unit = desiatina). |\n| dummyformixedvalue | Indicator/dummy flag for districts treated as \u201cmixed value\u201d in allocation rules or coding (source-coded). |\n| fulltsenznobility1889 | Full property threshold (tsenz) applying to nobility, 1889 (coded). |\n| partialtsenznobility1889 | Partial property threshold (tsenz) applying to nobility, 1889 (coded). |\n| fulltsenzother1889 | Full property threshold (tsenz) applying to other classes, 1889 (coded). |\n| partialtsenzother1889 | Partial property threshold (tsenz) applying to other classes, 1889 (coded). |\n| schoolsbefore1856_1894 | Number of schools that existed before 1856, as reported in an 1894 compilation (count). |\n| schools1856to1860_1894 | Number of schools established between 1856 and 1860, as reported in an 1894 compilation (count). |\n| schoolsbefore1856_rural1894 | Rural-only count of schools established before 1856, reported in 1894 (count). |\n| schools1856to1860_rural1894 | Rural-only count of schools established 1856\u20131860, reported in 1894 (count). |\n| redeemingcommunes_1877 | Number of communes engaged in the redemption process by 1877 (count). |\n| redeemingsouls_1877 | Number of \u201csouls\u201d (male units in administrative usage) involved in redemption arrangements, 1877 (count). |\n| redeemingallotmentland_1877 | Area of allotment land being redeemed, 1877 (land area unit as in source; often desiatinas). |\n| redeemingarableland_1877 | Area of arable land being redeemed, 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| obligatedcommunes_1877 | Number of communes still \u201ctemporarily obligated\u201d (bound to former lords) in 1877 (count). |\n| obligatedsouls_1877 | Number of souls remaining obligated, 1877 (count). |\n| obligatedallotmentland_1877 | Allotment land held under obligation, 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| obligatedarableland_1877 | Arable land still under obligation, 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| yearokladprelowering | Year associated with the pre-lowering oklad (valuation/assessment) schedule for a specified levy (year). |\n| yearokladpreperrevisionsoul | Year associated with pre-revision oklad per soul valuation (year). |\n| yearokladpreperdesiatina | Year associated with pre-revision oklad per desiatina valuation (year). |\n| totallloweringamount | Aggregate amount of a general \u201clowering\u201d (reduction) applied under a policy (currency/amount as reported). |\n| specialloweringamount | Special/restricted component of lowering (currency/amount as reported). |\n| urbanmale_1863 | Male population in urban parts of the district, 1863 (count). |\n| urbanfemale_1863 | Female population in urban parts of the district, 1863 (count). |\n| districtmale_1863 | Male population in the district, 1863 (count). |\n| districtfemale_1863 | Female population in the district, 1863 (count). |\n| bushensqversti1858 | Area of the district in square versts, 1858 (from Bushen-era administrative compilation; 1 square verst \u2248 1.138 km\u00b2). |\n| bushenmalepop1858 | Male population, 1858 (Bushen administrative tally; count). |\n| bushenfemalepop1858 | Female population, 1858 (Bushen administrative tally; count). |\n| bushendataissues1858 | Flag/note indicating data quality issues in the Bushen 1858 returns (source-coded). |\n| landnorm_polosa | Indicator/description of allotment norm type \u201cpolosa\u201d in redemption/allotment rules (source-coded). |\n| landnorm_mestnost | Indicator/description of allotment norm type \u201cmestnost\u201d in redemption/allotment rules (source-coded). |\n| landnorm_highallotment | Indicator for a high allotment norm bracket in redemption rules (source-coded). |\n| landnorm_lowallotment | Indicator for a low allotment norm bracket in redemption rules (source-coded). |\n| landnorm_law | Coded reference to legal basis for the allotment norm used in the district. |\n| landnorms_allotmentnormsaremeans | Flag indicating whether allotment norms are expressed as means/averages in the source (source-coded). |\n| otherpolosiormestnosti | Free-text/coded note about alternative polosi/mestnosti norms in the district. |\n| othercomments | Free-text field with miscellaneous archival comments or coder notes. |\n| zmedicalexp1883 | Zemstvo (local government) medical expenditures, 1883 (currency units as reported). |\n| zeducexp1883 | Zemstvo education expenditures, 1883 (currency units as reported). |\n| ztotalexp1883 | Zemstvo total expenditures, 1883 (currency units as reported). |\n| totalschools1880 | Total number of schools in the district by 1880 (count). |\n| boysenrolled1880 | Number of boys enrolled in schools, 1880 (count). |\n| girlsenrolled1880 | Number of girls enrolled in schools, 1880 (count). |\n| percenrolledm1880 | Percent of boys enrolled in school, 1880 (percentage points, 0\u2013100). |\n| percenrolledf1880 | Percent of girls enrolled in school, 1880 (percentage points, 0\u2013100). |\n| totalrev1880 | Total revenue for the local budget (zemstvo/upravlenie), 1880 (currency units as reported). |\n| peasantpop_1880 | Peasant population, circa 1880 (count; source-defined). |\n| otherclasses_1880 | Population of other (non-peasant) classes, circa 1880 (count; source-defined). |\n| constables_1880 | Number of constables/local policing officials, 1880 (count). |\n| deputies_1880 | Number of deputies/local representatives, 1880 (count). |\n| literatevolostelders_1880 | Number of volost (sub-district) elders who were literate, 1880 (count). |\n| illiteratevolostelders_1880 | Number of volost elders who were illiterate, 1880 (count). |\n| literatesoelders_1880 | Number of so-elders (source-specific local official category) who were literate, 1880 (count). |\n| illiteratesoelders_1880 | Number of so-elders who were illiterate, 1880 (count). |\n| factories_1868 | Number of factories in the district, 1868 (count). |\n| factoryworkers_1868 | Number of factory workers, 1868 (count). |\n| factoryproduction_1868 | Reported factory production, 1868 (value/index as reported). |\n| totalmarkets_1867 | Total number of markets, 1867 (count). |\n| markets50000_1867 | Count of markets with sales \u2265 50,000 (currency units as defined in source), 1867. |\n| sales50000_1867 | Aggregate sales for markets \u2265 50,000, 1867 (currency units as reported). |\n| recruitheightmms1870s | Summary statistic of recruit height from conscription records, 1870s (millimetres). |\n| total1877_owners | Total number of landowners recorded in 1877 (count). |\n| total1877_privland | Total private land area reported in 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| totalarable_1877 | Total arable land, 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| nobilityprivless10_1877 | Noble private holdings in the \u201c<10 desiatinas\u201d bracket, 1877 (count/area as in source). |\n| nobilitydesprivless10_1877 | Noble private holdings in \u201c<10 desiatinas,\u201d desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv10to20_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 10\u201320 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv10to20_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 10\u201320 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv20to30_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 20\u201330 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv20to30_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 20\u201330 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv30to40_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 30\u201340 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv30to40_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 30\u201340 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv40to50_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 40\u201350 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv40to50_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 40\u201350 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv50to100_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 50\u2013100 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv50to100_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 50\u2013100 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv100to200_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 100\u2013200 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv100to200_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 100\u2013200 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv200to300_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 200\u2013300 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv200to300_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 200\u2013300 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv300to400_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 300\u2013400 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv300to400_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 300\u2013400 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv400to500_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 400\u2013500 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv400to500_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 400\u2013500 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv500to1000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 500\u20131000 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv500to1000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 500\u20131000 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv1000to2000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 1000\u20132000 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv1000to2000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 1000\u20132000 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv2000to3000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 2000\u20133000 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv2000to3000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 2000\u20133000 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv3000to4000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 3000\u20134000 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv3000to4000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 3000\u20134000 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv4000to5000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 4000\u20135000 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv4000to5000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 4000\u20135000 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilitypriv5000to10000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 5000\u201310000 desiatina bracket, 1877. |\n| nobilitydespriv5000to10000_1877 | Noble private holdings in the 5000\u201310000 bracket, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| nobilityprivmore10000_1877 | Noble private holdings over 10,000 desiatinas, 1877 (count/area as in source). |\n| nobilitydesprivmore10000_1877 | Noble private holdings over 10,000 desiatinas, desiatina-coded variant, 1877. |\n| total1877arableland_nobility | Total arable land owned by the nobility, 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| totalnobility1877_owners | Total number of noble landowners, 1877 (count). |\n| totalnobility1877_privland | Total private land held by nobility, 1877 (land area unit as in source). |\n| malehhserfs_1857 | Male household serf counts, 1857 (count; household-category as defined in source). |\n| femalehhserfs_1857 | Female household serf counts, 1857 (count; household-category as defined in source). |\n| maleserfs_1857 | Total male serfs, 1857 (count). |\n| femaleserfs_1857 | Total female serfs, 1857 (count). |\n| v164 | Auxiliary/source-coded variable v164 (internal/source code; see archival notes if available). |\n| v165 | Auxiliary/source-coded variable v165 (internal/source code). |\n| v166 | Auxiliary/source-coded variable v166 (internal/source code). |\n| v167 | Auxiliary/source-coded variable v167 (internal/source code). |\n| v168 | Auxiliary/source-coded variable v168 (internal/source code). |\n| v169 | Auxiliary/source-coded variable v169 (internal/source code). |\n| nonnadelhhs1905 | Number of non-nadel households, 1905 (count; category as defined in source). |\n| nonnadeldesiatina1905 | Area of non-nadel holdings, 1905 (desiatinas). |\n| totalland_desiatina1905 | Total land area, 1905 (desiatinas). |\n| communes_1877 | Number of rural communes, 1877 (count). |\n| perccommunalown_1877 | Percent/share of land held communally, 1877. |\n| totalland_desiatina1877 | Total land area, 1877 (desiatinas). |\n| curia1reps_1890 | Number of first-curia representatives under the 1890 arrangements (count). |\n| curia2reps_1890 | Number of second-curia representatives under the 1890 arrangements (count). |\n| curia3reps_1890 | Number of third-curia (peasant) representatives under the 1890 arrangements (count). |\n| totalprovincialreps_1890 | Total provincial representatives under 1890 arrangements (count). |\n| curia1and2together_1890 | Combined seats for curiae 1 and 2 under 1890 arrangements (count). |\n| zelectorrequiredpropertydes_1890 | Coded description of elector property requirements (zemstvo) in 1890. |\n| householdserfs_1859 | Count of serf households, 1859 (count; as defined in source). |\n| barshchinaserfs_1859 | Number/share of serfs under barshchina (labor service) regime, 1859 (as reported). |\n| obrokserfs_1859 | Number/share of serfs paying obrok (quitrent), 1859 (as reported). |\n| urbanmpop1883 | Urban male population, 1883 (count). |\n| urbanfpop1883 | Urban female population, 1883 (count). |\n| ruralmpop1883 | Rural male population, 1883 (count). |\n| ruralfpop1883 | Rural female population, 1883 (count). |\n| malepeasantpop_1881 | Male peasant population, circa 1881 (count). |\n| femalepeasantpop_1881 | Female peasant population, circa 1881 (count). |\n| volostexpendtotal_1881 | Total volost expenditures, 1881 (currency units as reported). |\n| soexpendtotal_1881 | Total \u201cso\u201d expenditures, 1881 (currency units as reported). |\n| volostexpendeducation_1881 | Volost expenditures on education, 1881 (currency units as reported). |\n| volostexpendmedical_1881 | Volost expenditures on medical services, 1881 (currency units as reported). |\n| zavgoblozhsoland_1885 | Average tax/oblozhenie on state land, 1885 (units as reported). |\n| zavgoblozhprivateland_1885 | Average tax/oblozhenie on private land, 1885 (units as reported). |\n| schoolexpfromstate1880 | School expenditure from the state, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| schoolexpfromuezdzem1880 | School expenditure from the uezd zemstvo, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| schoolexpfromso1880 | School expenditure from \u201cso\u201d category, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| schoolexpfromchurch1880 | School expenditure from the church, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| schoolexpfromprivateindivid1880 | School expenditure from private individuals, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| schoolexpfromstudentfees1880 | School expenditure from student fees, 1880 (units as reported). |\n| obligpeasantland1895 | Amount/share of peasant land designated as obligated, 1895 (administrative variable; units as reported). |\n| kaznedoim1895 | Treasury (kazna) arrears (nedoimka), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| kazoklad1895 | Treasury oklad (assessment), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| zemnedoim1895 | Zemstvo arrears (nedoimka), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| zemoklad1895 | Zemstvo oklad (assessment), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| volostnedoim1895 | Volost arrears (nedoimka), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| volostoklad1895 | Volost oklad (assessment), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| sonedoim1895 | \u201cso\u201d arrears (nedoimka), 1895 (source-specific; units as reported). |\n| sooklad1895 | \u201cso\u201d oklad (assessment), 1895 (source-specific; units as reported). |\n| insurancenedoim1895 | Insurance-related arrears (nedoimka), 1895 (units as reported). |\n| insuranceoklad1895 | Insurance-related oklad (assessment), 1895 (units as reported). |\n| kazsubmited1895 | Amount submitted to the treasury (kazna), 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| zemsubmited1895 | Amount submitted to the zemstvo, 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| volostsubmited1895 | Amount submitted to the volost, 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| sosubmited1895 | Amount submitted to \u201cso\u201d, 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| insurancesubmited1895 | Amount submitted to insurance, 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| totalsubmited1895 | Total submitted across channels, 1895 (currency units as reported). |\n| totalobligatedselenie1895 | Total number of obligated settlements, 1895 (count). |\n| seleniewithnedoim1895 | Number of settlements with arrears (nedoimka), 1895 (count). |\n| distance_moscow | Great-circle distance from the district centroid to Moscow (kilometres). |\n| pctsoilARa | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code ARa (GIS overlay; FAO soil map, 1990). |\n| pctsoilARb | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code ARb (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilARh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code ARh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCHh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CHh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCHk | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CHk (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCHl | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CHl (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCHw | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CHw (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCLh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CLh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCLl | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CLl (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCMc | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CMc (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCMd | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CMd (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCMe | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CMe (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCMg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CMg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCMu | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CMu (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilCMx | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code CMx (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilDS | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code DS (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilFLc | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code FLc (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilFLd | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code FLd (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilFLe | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code FLe (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilFLm | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code FLm (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilFLt | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code FLt (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilFLu | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code FLu (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGLd | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GLd (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGLe | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GLe (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGLi | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GLi (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGLk | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GLk (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGLm | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GLm (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGLu | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GLu (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilGRh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code GRh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilHSf | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code HSf (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilHSi | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code HSi (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilHSl | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code HSl (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilHSs | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code HSs (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilKSh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code KSh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilKSk | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code KSk (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilKSl | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code KSl (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLPd | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LPd (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLPk | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LPk (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLPm | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LPm (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLPq | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LPq (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLVg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LVg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLVh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LVh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLVj | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LVj (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilLVk | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code LVk (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPDd | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PDd (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPDe | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PDe (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPDg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PDg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPDj | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PDj (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPHc | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PHc (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPHg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PHg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPHh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PHh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPHl | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PHl (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPLd | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PLd (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPLe | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PLe (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPLm | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PLm (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPZb | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PZb (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPZf | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PZf (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPZg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PZg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilPZh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code PZh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilRGc | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code RGc (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilRGi | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code RGi (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilRK | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code RK (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilSCg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code SCg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilSCh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code SCh (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilSNg | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code SNg (FAO 1990). |\n| pctsoilSNh | Share (proportion) of district land area covered by FAO soil type code SNh (FAO 1990). |\n| goodsoil | Proportion of district land area classified as \u201cfertile soil\u201d (share, 0\u20131), constructed from the FAO soil-type GIS overlay by summing the shares corresponding to these soil groups: Chernozem, Greyzem, Histosol, Kastanozem, Phaeozem, and Vertisol (classification based on standard soil-science references). Operationally, this is an analysis-ready aggregate of the relevant `pctsoil*` components (primarily the `pctsoilCH*`, `pctsoilGR*`, `pctsoilHS*`, `pctsoilKS*`, `pctsoilPH*` series and any Vertisol-coded series if present). |\n| blacksoil | Proportion of district land area classified as Chernozem (\u201cblack soil\u201d) from the FAO soil-type GIS overlay (share, 0\u20131). |\n| urban | Constructed urban-population variable based on 1863 counts: `urbanmale_1863 + urbanfemale_1863 + 1`. The one-person offset is already included in the stored values. |\n| rural | Rural population in 1863 (count of persons), constructed as `districtmale_1863 + districtfemale_1863`. |\n| population | Constructed total district population for 1863: `urban + rural`. This includes the one-person offset already present in `urban`. |\n| lnurban | Natural logarithm of the stored `urban` column (1863 urban population with the one-person offset). |\n| lnpopn | Natural logarithm of the stored `population` column (1863 total district population, including the inherited one-person offset). This is not the logarithm of rural population. |\n| urban_late | Urban population in a later (post-baseline) period (alternate temporal snapshot; source-defined). |\n| rural_late | Rural population in the later period (alternate temporal snapshot; source-defined). |\n| population_late | Total population in the later period (alternate temporal snapshot; source-defined). |\n| province_capital | Indicator (=1) that the uezd/district contains the guberniia (province) administrative capital city (\u201cprovincial capital\u201d) in the mid-19th-century administrative geography; 0 otherwise. |\n| zemstvo | Indicator: whether a zemstvo (local self-government body) was established in the district under the 1864 law (1=yes, 0=no). |\n| schools_1856 | Number of schools recorded in 1856 (count; source-defined). |\n| schools_1860 | Number of schools recorded in 1860 (count; source-defined). |\n| schools_1880 | Number of schools recorded in 1880 (count; source-defined). |\n| lnschools_1860 | Natural log of schools_1860 (log-transformed count). |\n| schools_1860_pc | Schools per capita in 1860 (schools_1860 divided by a population denominator as defined in source/processing). |\n| ch_schools_pc | Church-run schools per capita (per-population measure; source-defined). |\n| latitude2 | Alternate latitude coordinate (additional geographic datum). |\n| longitude2 | Alternate longitude coordinate (additional geographic datum). |\n| ProvinceNumber | Numeric province identifier (alternate code). |\n| ahat_ryefreq0 | Fitted/predicted value from an auxiliary regression for rye-related frequency specification 0 (diagnostic variable). |\n| ahat_ryefreq1 | Fitted/predicted value from an auxiliary regression for rye-related frequency specification 1 (diagnostic variable). |\n| ahat_ryefreq2 | Fitted/predicted value from an auxiliary regression for rye-related frequency specification 2 (diagnostic variable). |\n| ahat_ryefreq3 | Fitted/predicted value from an auxiliary regression for rye-related frequency specification 3 (diagnostic variable). |\n| aresid_ryefreq0 | Residual from the auxiliary rye-frequency regression specification 0 (diagnostic variable). |\n| aresid_ryefreq1 | Residual from the auxiliary rye-frequency regression specification 1 (diagnostic variable). |\n| aresid_ryefreq2 | Residual from the auxiliary rye-frequency regression specification 2 (diagnostic variable). |\n| aresid_ryefreq3 | Residual from the auxiliary rye-frequency regression specification 3 (diagnostic variable). |\n| ahat_ryeprobitfreq | Predicted value from a probit specification for rye-frequency auxiliary model (diagnostic variable). |\n| aresid_ryeprobitfreq | Residual from the rye probit auxiliary model (diagnostic variable). |\n| edshare | Share of local budgets/expenditures devoted to education (historic budget share measure; units as reported). |\n| medshare | Share of local budgets/expenditures devoted to medical services (historic budget share measure; units as reported). |\n| nozemstvo | Indicator for districts that did not have a zemstvo established under the 1864 statute (1=yes, 0=no). |\n| serf_nozem | Serfdom measure restricted to no-zemstvo subset (subset-specific; see `nozemstvo`). |\n| relig_nozem | Religious composition/summary restricted to no-zemstvo subset (subset-specific; see `nozemstvo`). |\n| redist | Historical administrative measure of redistribution or land reallocation (source-coded). |\n| atot_pc | Per-capita version of atot (disturbance-year count normalized by a population denominator as defined in source/processing). |\n| afreq_nozem | afreq computed/restricted to the no-zemstvo subset (subset-specific; see `nozemstvo`). |\n| alargefreq_nozem | alargefreq restricted to the no-zemstvo subset (subset-specific; see `nozemstvo`). |\n| atsgaorfreq_nozem | atsgaorfreq restricted to the no-zemstvo subset (subset-specific; see `nozemstvo`). |\n\nDataset Context:\nThis is a district-level (uezd) historical dataset for Imperial Russia covering mid- to late-nineteenth-century measures assembled from multiple archival and published sources. Observations correspond to districts in European Russia; the dataset includes districts where zemstva were established under the 1864 law as well as districts without zemstva (captured by binary indicators). Variables span multiple domains and years, reflecting the heterogeneous nature of available historical statistical returns.\n\nThe `urban`, `rural`, and `population` variables are constructed from 1863 population counts published in an 1866 statistical compilation. The stored `urban` variable includes a one-person offset; `population = urban + rural` inherits that offset. The log columns are `lnurban = ln(urban)` and `lnpopn = ln(population)`. These population variables are distinct from the 1858 administrative population figures used as denominators for the pre-Emancipation serfdom-prevalence measure.\n\nThe dataset includes (a) chronologies of peasant disturbances compiled from documentary chronicle sources (event-year indicators aggregated into counts and frequencies for 1851\u20131863, along with variants such as \u201clarge\u201d disturbances and time-weighted or subperiod measures), (b) statutory seat allocations and electoral/curia counts from the 1864 zemstvo statutes and later adjustments, (c) measures of serfdom and landholding derived from pre\u2011emancipation and post\u2011emancipation records, (d) demographic and literacy indicators from census and administrative tallies (including mid-century administrative population totals with urban/rural breakdowns), (e) religious and linguistic composition indices, (f) local fiscal aggregates and schooling/expenditure/enrollment figures from zemstvo and related administrative returns, (g) agricultural and land variables including redemption/allotment norms and desiatina-area statistics, and (h) geographic and environmental covariates, including centroid coordinates, distances, and GIS-derived soil-type area shares (FAO soil map; with an analysis-ready fertile-soil aggregate provided as `goodsoil`). The dataset was compiled by digitizing and harmonizing these sources into a consistent district-level cross-section for comparative analysis of institutions and social conditions around the Great Reforms (Emancipation and the 1864 zemstvo law).\n","file_sha256":"e4bdf2c7df8837fce24d7050f4cf184147b436fae5ad12c72dec15611496e365","format":"csv","frame_sha256":null,"generator":null,"kind":"file","licence":"redistributed by CausalReasoningBenchmark (MIT) under the original replication data's terms","member":null,"object":null,"params":{},"path":null,"read_kw":{},"records":null,"role":"agent","sha256":"e4bdf2c7df8837fce24d7050f4cf184147b436fae5ad12c72dec15611496e365","transforms":[],"url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/syrgkanislab/CausalReasoningBenchmark/resolve/edd0fe1c1d1c5c0a4f0e3e67a50481ac679fb888/data/ds_0039/data/data.csv"},"ref_iv":{"columns":null,"description":"Complete rows of the script's columns","file_sha256":"e4bdf2c7df8837fce24d7050f4cf184147b436fae5ad12c72dec15611496e365","format":"csv","frame_sha256":null,"generator":null,"kind":"file","licence":"redistributed by CausalReasoningBenchmark (MIT) under the original replication data's terms","member":null,"object":null,"params":{},"path":null,"read_kw":{"low_memory":false},"records":null,"role":"reference","sha256":"e4bdf2c7df8837fce24d7050f4cf184147b436fae5ad12c72dec15611496e365","transforms":[{"args":{"columns":["peasantrepresentation_1864","afreq","serfperc1","distance_moscow","goodsoil","lnurban","lnpopn","province_capital"]},"op":"select"},{"args":{"columns":["peasantrepresentation_1864","afreq","serfperc1","distance_moscow","goodsoil","lnurban","lnpopn","province_capital"]},"op":"dropna"}],"url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/syrgkanislab/CausalReasoningBenchmark/resolve/edd0fe1c1d1c5c0a4f0e3e67a50481ac679fb888/data/ds_0039/data/data.csv"}},"difficulty":"M","id":"crb_papers.q069","level":"T2","meta":{"agent_reach":{"blocked_by":["reference_frame:ref_iv","needs_op:iv_se_hc0"],"dtypes":{"ds_0039":{"afreq":"float64","peasantrepresentation_1864":"float64"}},"named":{"outcome":["peasantrepresentation_1864"],"treatment":["afreq"]},"reachable":false,"rule":"magi_bench.reach/1"},"answer_format":{"figure_transform":"identity","round_to":null,"unit_scale":1.0},"cluster":"ds_0039","crb":{"data_path":"data/ds_0039/data/data.csv","dataset_id":"ds_0039","gold":{"ci95":[-58.79765762153203,-26.111253993479643],"ci_rule":"effect \u00b1 1.96\u00b7|standard_error| (evaluate_result.ci_bounds)","effect":-42.45445580750584,"standard_error":8.338368272462345},"identification":{"causal_quantity":"LATE","controls":["distance_moscow","goodsoil","lnurban/urban","lnpopn/population","province_capital"],"instrument":["serfperc1"],"is_encouragement_design":false,"minimal_controlling_set":["distance_moscow","goodsoil","lnurban/urban","lnpopn/population","province_capital"],"outcomes":["peasantrepresentation_1864"],"reason_for_minimal_controlling_set":"\u201cThe excludability of serfdom (or distance from Moscow) relies on properly controlling for other characteristics of districts (in Zi) that are plausibly correlated with both the instrument and peasant representation. \u2026 we control for Urban population and Rural population \u2026 We also condition on whether the district hosts a Provincial capital \u2026 We also control for the quality of agricultural land.\u201d (Section 3, Empirical strategy and data, pp. 14\u201315 of PDF).","strategy":"Instrumental Variable","treatments":["afreq/atot"],"variant":"2SLS"},"identification_strategy":"Instrumental Variable"},"headline_keys":{"infer.iv_2sls":["coef.afreq"]},"naive":{"dataset":"ds_0039","treatment":"afreq","y":"peasantrepresentation_1864"},"native_id":"69","reference":{"cite":1,"note":"Reference path transcribed from the item's own estimation script.","steps":[{"args":{"dataset":"ref_iv","endog":["afreq"],"exog":["distance_moscow","goodsoil","lnurban","lnpopn","province_capital"],"instruments":["serfperc1"],"se":"HC1","y":"peasantrepresentation_1864"},"tool":"infer.iv_2sls","why":"IV2SLS.from_formula('peasantrepresentation_1864 ~ 1 + controls + [afreq ~ serfperc1]').fit(cov_type='robust')"}]},"reference_path":{"calls":[{"args":{"dataset":"ref_iv","endog":["afreq"],"exog":["distance_moscow","goodsoil","lnurban","lnpopn","province_capital"],"instruments":["serfperc1"],"se":"HC1","y":"peasantrepresentation_1864"},"tool":"infer.iv_2sls"}],"needs":["needs_op:iv_se_hc0"],"provenance":"benchmark_script","quotes":{},"reference_datasets":["ref_iv"],"source_id":"crb_papers.q069.script"}},"question":"What is the causal effect of a district's frequency of peasant unrest during 1851-1863 on the statutory share of zemstvo assembly seats allocated to peasants in 1864, interpreted as the local average treatment effect for districts whose unrest was shifted by historical, plausibly exogenous variation?","requires":[],"runner":null,"sources":["crb_papers.q069.gold","crb_papers.q069.script"],"split":"public","suite":"crb_papers","tags":["econ-bench","external","crb","iv","ref_benchmark_script"],"target":"agent","tool":null,"truth":"CausalReasoningBenchmark gold at the pinned revision: causal_queries.json effect and standard_error (the value the item's estimation.py prints), scored as evaluate_result.py scores estimate_within_solution_ci"}